Review and Comparison of ADDIE, Rapid Prototyping, and SAM Instructional Design Models

ADDIE

ADDIE was originally designed to be a linear waterfall system, although some modern interpretations have represented the process using circular flow charts. It is composed of five distinct stages, including Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. Although these distinct stages can be helpful in providing clear guidelines and structure, room for flexibility can become an issue. ADDIE mostly reserves feedback and revision for the final phase, Evaluation. 

Rapid Prototyping

Unlike ADDIE, the Rapid Prototyping model is nonlinear and lacks the same level of distinction between stages. Instead, Rapid Prototyping emphasizes the development of an initial prototype over multiple iterations. Feedback and revision is a core part of the entire process as the prototype is continuously developed into the desired end-product as opposed to saving feedback and revision until the very end. This allows for greater flexibility in design and more involvement from users throughout the process.

SAM 

SAM combines different aspects of ADDIE and Rapid Prototyping in that it is linear like ADDIE and iterative like Rapid Prototyping. SAM is composed of three distinct stages, including Preparation, Iterative Design, and Iterative Development. It was designed in response to the limits of ADDIE and emphasizes agility, efficiency, and flexibility in the design process.


ADDIE is arguably the most well-known model, however Rapid Prototyping and SAM can be equally effective. Each model has its pros and cons depending on the context, and in the end the nature of the project at hand and the needs of the user will ultimately determine which model will be the most effective. When designing a course, webinar, or seminar, the desired level of involvement in the design process from the target audience in the design process is key to deciding on the proper model.

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